In a divided 5–2 decision issued on March 27, 2026, the Iowa Supreme Court held that the search of a visitor’s backpack found on the premises during the execution of a search warrant did not violate the visitor’s rights under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution or article I, section 8 of the Iowa Constitution. The decision, State v. Porter, 33 N.W.3d 281 (Iowa 2026), addresses the scope of a premises search warrant and whether officers may search containers belonging to an unidentified visitor that are not in the visitor’s physical possession at the time of the search.

In the majority opinion, Justice Christopher McDonald wrote that the defendant, Andrew Porter, “was in the right place but at the wrong time.” At approximately 7:55 a.m. on November 2, 2023, Porter arrived at the home of his friend, George Civitate, at 3601 Woodland Avenue in Des Moines. Officers observed Porter exit his vehicle carrying a gray duffel bag, a blue backpack, and a blanket, while also accompanied by a dog. Unbeknownst to Porter, the Mid-Iowa Narcotics Enforcement Task Force had spent months developing probable cause to believe that controlled substances, including methamphetamine, were being distributed from Civitate’s house, and had already planned to execute a search warrant that very day. When Porter arrived that morning, officers were already in position conducting surveillance in preparation for its execution. The warrant, however, never mentioned Porter.

Approximately forty minutes later, officers executed the search warrant, breaching the door of Civitate’s residence and placing Porter and the other occupants in handcuffs. Officers observed the blue backpack in the corner of the living room with a jacket draped over it. Justice McDonald writing for the majority and Justice McDermott writing for the dissent disagreed as to whether the backpack was within Porter’s immediate control: the majority described it as “several feet” from Porter and outside his immediate proximity and reach, while the dissent noted the State’s concession that the backpack was “in an area within Porter’s ‘immediate control’ at the time of his arrest.” Porter was then taken outside and interviewed in a police van. During the interview, he denied ownership of the backpack multiple times. Porter then invoked his right to counsel and asked to end the interview. After being escorted back inside the house, Porter was again asked by an officer whether the backpack was his, and he again denied ownership. The officer then searched the backpack and found approximately seventy-eight grams of methamphetamine packaged in seven separate baggies, marijuana, and drug paraphernalia.

Based on the contents of that search, Porter was charged with several drug offenses, including conspiracy to deliver methamphetamine and possession with intent to deliver. He subsequently filed a motion to suppress the evidence, arguing that the search of his backpack violated his rights under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 8 of the Iowa Constitution. The Polk County District Court denied the motion, and the Iowa Supreme Court granted discretionary review.

The Supreme Court affirmed the denial in a decision written by Justice McDonald, joined by Chief Justice Christensen and Justices Waterman, Mansfield, and May. The majority held that the backpack fell within the scope of the premises warrant under the Fourth Amendment and that Porter had abandoned the backpack for purposes of the Iowa Constitution. Justice McDermott filed a dissenting opinion, joined by Justice Oxley.

Addressing Porter’s federal constitutional challenge, the Court began by concluding that both parties had made a “category error.” The parties framed the central question as whether Porter had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the backpack or had forfeited that expectation through abandonment. Rejecting that approach, the Court held that because officers were executing a valid premises warrant and Porter’s backpack was on the premises, the threshold question of whether Porter retained a privacy interest was beside the point. Instead, the proper inquiry was whether the backpack fell within the scope of the warrant the magistrate had already issued. The Court placed the burden on Porter to prove that the search exceeded the warrant’s scope.

The Court went on to discuss the broad scope of a premises warrant, highlighting a key limitation derived from the United States Supreme Court’s 1979 decision in Ybarra v. Illinois: absent independent probable cause, officers executing a premises warrant may not search individuals who are merely present on the premises as visitors. This restriction extends to items a person is holding, wearing, or carrying, because such items are considered extensions of the person. In Porter, the majority held that this protection did not apply. The backpack was in the corner of the living room, several feet away from Porter, and he never held, wore, or carried it during the execution of the warrant. Because there was no physical contact with or close physical intrusion upon Porter during the search of the backpack, the Court concluded it was not a search of his person.

Because the backpack was not an extension of Porter’s person, the majority reasoned that it was simply another container on the premises and therefore fell within the scope of the premises warrant. The Court cited Iowa appellate decisions holding that the Fourth Amendment does not require officers executing a premises warrant to obtain independent probable cause or separate warrants for each container on site capable of concealing the objects of the search. The Court also drew support from persuasive authority in other jurisdictions, including the Arizona Supreme Court’s decision in State v. Gilstrap, which adopted the same physical-possession test. Accordingly, the Court held that Porter’s Fourth Amendment challenge failed.

Turning to Porter’s argument under the Iowa Constitution, the Court began with a thorough analysis of State v. Brown, 905 N.W.2d 846 (Iowa 2018), a case on which Porter relied heavily. In Brown, the defendant was visiting a residence that was subject to a narcotics warrant. While executing that warrant, officers found the defendant and others having recently smoked methamphetamine and detained them. Officers then searched the defendant’s purse, which was located directly in front of her when she was detained, and found marijuana inside. The Porter majority asserted that the Brown Court committed the same category error as the parties in this case, framing the analysis on the assumption that the search was warrantless when it was actually conducted pursuant to a premises warrant.

Setting this purported error aside, the Court distinguished Porter’s situation from that of Brown in two ways: (1) the location of the container searched, and (2) the abandonment of the container. On the first point, the Court noted that the purse in Brown was in the defendant’s “actual possession,” located directly in front of her knees when police entered, making it fall within the Ybarra protection as an extension of her person. By contrast, Porter’s backpack was not in his physical possession, or even in his immediate proximity, when the warrant was executed. On the second point, the majority concluded that Porter abandoned the backpack for purposes of both the Fourth Amendment and article I, section 8 through his repeated denials of knowledge, possession, or ownership. Citing case law from numerous jurisdictions, the Court held that a person who verbally disclaims any interest in an item to law enforcement cannot later claim standing to challenge the search of that item. Therefore, even though officers knew Porter had brought the backpack into the house, the relevant question under Brown was whether he maintained an interest in it at the time of the search, and the Court found he did not. Therefore, the Court held that Porter’s state constitution challenge also failed.

Justice McDermott authored a dissenting opinion, joined by Justice Oxley. The dissent began by criticizing the majority for pivoting away from the arguments actually presented by the parties. Justice McDermott emphasized that neither the State in its arguments nor the district court in its ruling ever claimed the warrant itself justified the search of Porter’s backpack. To the contrary, the State expressly argued that “officers had valid bases for the search that were separate and distinct from the search warrant.” The majority, according to the dissent, barely discussed the fighting issue raised by the parties, abandonment. They instead decided the case on a ground that nobody had presented.

Justice McDermott continued by arguing that reliance on the warrant to justify the search was unavailing, given that the warrant focused exclusively on Civitate as the sole target and never mentioned or even alluded to Porter. The dissent cited binding Iowa Supreme Court precedent, including State v. Brown, State v. Jamison, and State v. Fleming, as establishing the principle that warrants do not extend to the belongings of visitors who happen to be present where a warrant is being executed. The dissent noted pointedly that neither Fleming nor Jamison received any mention in the majority opinion.

Rather than expressly overruling Brown, Justice McDermott argued the majority “hollow[ed] out Brown’s holding through revisionist analysis.” He took particular issue with the majority’s adoption of the physical-possession test, which requires that a visitor be holding, wearing, or carrying an item at the moment of the search to invoke constitutional protection. This is because the Brown Court had previously criticized this test as “completely unrealistic” and held “cannot possibly pass constitutional muster under article I, section 8 of the Iowa Constitution.” The dissent further observed that this test creates a legal double standard: constructive possession is sufficient to convict a person of possessing contraband, yet insufficient for that same person to claim Fourth Amendment protection from a search.

Turning to the abandonment question, which was the issue actually raised by the parties, the dissent would have found in favor of Porter. Justice McDermott argued that Porter’s denials of ownership were made while he was “detained, handcuffed, and being interrogated,” and that Porter had already invoked his right to counsel before officers reinitiated questioning about the backpack inside the house. Under these circumstances, the dissent characterized Porter’s denials as less a waiver of privacy and more a refusal to incriminate himself. Justice McDermott warned that allowing officers to “badger” detained visitors until they deny ownership of a bag the officers know belongs to them would “create a perverse incentive for officers to interrogate visitors to manufacture an abandonment excuse.” The dissent concluded that a person’s constitutional protections against unreasonable searches and seizures “do not fade away when visiting someone else’s home, even when police separately have probable cause to search that home.”

Porter draws a new line in Iowa search-and-seizure law. Going forward, officers executing a premises warrant may search any container on the premises capable of concealing the evidence described in the warrant, so long as the container is not in the physical possession of a person not named in the warrant. An officer’s constructive knowledge as to the ownership of the containers is irrelevant. What happens to Brown, however, is less clear. The Court did not expressly overrule it, but the decision significantly narrowed its reach. The majority and dissent also tell very different stories about what Brown actually held, and neither side seems willing to concede much ground. The decision’s treatment of abandonment is also likely to draw attention. Under the majority’s reasoning, a detained, handcuffed visitor who has already invoked his right to counsel can be asked repeatedly about a bag until he denies owning it, and that denial can then be used to defeat a constitutional challenge to the search. The dissent pushed back, warning that the majority’s approach creates a “perverse incentive” for officers to manufacture abandonment through interrogation.

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