In a 5–2 decision filed on June 12, 2026, the Iowa Supreme Court in State v. Gibbs upheld a mother’s three child endangerment convictions under Iowa Code section 726.6(1)(a). Chief Justice Christensen wrote the majority opinion, joined by Justices McDonald, Oxley, McDermott, and May. Justice Mansfield filed a partial dissent, joined by Justice Waterman, concurring as to two convictions but dissenting as to the third. With respect to the third child endangerment count, the Court held that evidence that one child was placed at risk of death by a parent’s actions may provide sufficient evidence of a substantial risk of emotional harm to other children present in the home.

On October 24, 2021, Victoria Gibbs left her Cedar Rapids apartment around 5 p.m. to drive to Burlington—a roughly three-hour round trip—leaving three children, ages nine, seven, and four, home alone. The seven-year-old has significant special needs; he is nonverbal, requires a feeding tube, and needs suctioning equipment. Before leaving, Gibbs changed his diaper, fed him, suctioned his sinuses, and propped him among pillows to watch television. Approximately three hours later, police arrived on a report the children had been left alone. Inside, officers found the seven-year-old congested, experiencing coughing fits where he stopped breathing for about ten seconds, with a diaper full of urine. The nine-year-old was calmly watching television upstairs; the four-year-old was on a tablet. The home was clean with food in the refrigerator. Officers reached Gibbs by phone at 8:45 p.m.; she did not arrive until after 10 p.m.

Gibbs was charged with neglect of a dependent person (class “C” felony) and three counts of child endangerment (aggravated misdemeanor). The jury found Gibbs guilty on all counts. After trial, the Supreme Court decided State v. Cole, 3 N.W.3d 200 (Iowa 2024), reversing a child endangerment conviction where a mother left children aged five through twelve alone, while grocery shopping for approximately twenty minutes and when one of the children had special needs. Gibbs moved for arrest of judgment, arguing Cole required reversal. The district court denied the motion, finding that Cole was distinguishable. The Court of Appeals affirmed, and the Supreme Court granted further review.

The main issue on appeal was whether there was sufficient evidence to support the child endangerment convictions given the Court’s recent holding in Cole. Under Iowa Code section 726.6(1)(a), a parent commits child endangerment when they “[k]nowingly act[] in a manner that creates a substantial risk to a child or minor’s physical, mental or emotional health or safety.” The Court distinguished Cole by identifying several critical differences. First, in Cole, the kids were left alone for twenty minutes, whereas Gibbs was gone five hours on a round trip to Burlington. The second difference was the vulnerability of the children. The mother in Cole took her most vulnerable child, an infant, with her to the store. However, Gibbs left her most vulnerable child, the medically fragile seven-year-old, at home. The third and final difference was the independent unlawfulness of the conduct in Gibbs. Gibbs’s conduct was also a separate felony of neglect of a dependent person under Iowa Code section 726.3, which she did not contest on appeal. The Court in Cole explained that an “easy way to identify a parent-created risk” is when the conduct creating the risk is “independently unlawful.” The conviction as to the seven-year-old was clearly supported, as the child could not fend for himself, required a feeding tube and suctioning, was congested on the day in question, and risked choking to death with no capable caretaker present.

However, the most significant aspect of the decision is the Court’s treatment of the four-year-old and nine-year-old children. The Court held that Gibbs’s criminal neglect of her seven-year-old also created a substantial risk of emotional harm to his siblings. If the seven-year-old experienced a serious medical emergency, his young siblings would have been forced to at least witness, if not respond to, a traumatic event well beyond their age and abilities. The Court stated: “Under our holding today, evidence that one child was placed at risk of death by the actions of the mother may provide sufficient evidence of a substantial risk of emotional harm for siblings also present in the domicile.” The Court distinguished the risks present in Cole as “ordinary risks that children are routinely exposed to and entrusted to handle.” These kinds of risks are different from the extraordinary risk Gibbs created by “entrusting a four-year-old and a nine-year-old to navigate a stressful and potentially traumatic emergency for their medically fragile sibling.”

Justice Mansfield’s partial dissent, joined by Justice Waterman, agreed that the child endangerment convictions as to the seven-year-old and four-year-old were supported by substantial evidence, but dissented as to the nine-year-old. The dissent argued that the emotional harm theory was too speculative to uphold a criminal conviction. The dissent noted that the nine-year-old had a phone and was not in distress when officers arrived. Justice Mansfield criticized the majority’s approach for creating a “multiplier effect” in criminal charges any time a special-needs child is left with siblings. The dissent also challenged the reliance on “independently unlawful” conduct as circular, since the neglect conviction and endangerment convictions arose from the same underlying behavior. Gibbs is a significant decision for Iowa practitioners because it both clarifies the bounds of Cole’s “ordinary risks” framework and extends child endangerment liability to include emotional harm to siblings who are present when another child is placed at risk of death.

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